Journal: Open Life Sciences

Article Title: Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice

doi: 10.1515/biol-2022-0570

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of KD on lipid metabolism levels in C57BL/6 mice. Levels of (a) TC, (b) TG, (c) FFA, (d) β-HB, (e) AST, and (f) ALT in serum samples of mice treated with KD for 4 weeks. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Differences of data in mice were assessed by two-tailed Student’s t -test. ▲▲ P < 0.01 vs ND group. ND, normal diet; KD, ketogenic diet.

Article Snippet: Serum total cholesterol (TC) kit (CS0005), triglycerides (TG) kit (TR0100), free fatty acids (FFA) kit (MAK044), β-HB acid kit (MAK041), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) kit (MAK055), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) kit (MAK052) were introduced from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).

Techniques: Two Tailed Test

Journal: Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Ketogenic diet ameliorates lipid dysregulation in type 2 diabetic mice by downregulating hepatic pescadillo 1

doi: 10.1186/s10020-021-00429-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ketogenic diet decreased the hyperglycemia and ameliorated insulin resistance in diabetic mice. a Shown are the changes of body weights exerted by the different food feedings in normal and diabetic mice. b Displayed are the food intakes in different groups throughout 16 weeks of feeding. c Exhibited are the water intakes in different groups throughout 16 weeks. d Demonstrated are the total energy intakes calculated by calories in different groups throughout 16 weeks. e Unveiled are the feeding efficiencies in different groups (calculated as body weight gain (mg) per kcal food consumed). f Shown are the variations of fasting plasma glucose in different groups throughout 16 weeks. g Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests were performed in different groups by the end of food feeding. h Intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests were carried out in different groups by the end of food feeding. Glucose (2 mg/g) or insulin (0.75 mU/g) was injected intraperitoneally after mice were fasted for 6–8 h. Blood glucose samples were collected at different indicated time points and measured. Areas under the curve were calculated for the quantitative analysis. i Demonstrated are the levels of plasma β-hydroxybutyric acid (β-HB) in different groups. j Insulin levels were detected in different groups by the end of food feeding. k HOMA-IR in different groups was calculated by the formula. Data were shown as mean ± SEM for each experiment performed independently 3 times (n = 10–12 per group). SD (Standard diet), KD (Ketogenic diet). *P < 0.05 C57BL/6J-KD vs C57BL/6J-SD, # P < 0.05 KK A y -KD vs KK A y -SD (ANOVA, Student–Newman–Keuls q test)

Article Snippet: Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and β-HB assay kits were from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Jiangsu, China).

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Ketogenic diet ameliorates lipid dysregulation in type 2 diabetic mice by downregulating hepatic pescadillo 1

doi: 10.1186/s10020-021-00429-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: β-HB decreased PES1 and triglycerides in cultured liver cells. a , b The protein levels of CHOP, PES1, p300, SREBP1c, SREBP2, FASN and SCD1 in hepatocytes were detected by immunoblotting after 1 mM β-HB treatment for 24 h. c β-HB decreased CHOP binding to Pes1 promoter. d Exhibited are immunofluorescence images of β-HB-treated liver cells for PES1 and SREBP1c expression and localization, Scale bar represents 20 um. The nuclei were stained with DAPI. e , f Demonstrated are the TG and TC levels respectively detected in the cultured media and liver cells after β-HB treatment. Ctrl (Control), β-HB (β-hydroxybutyric acid). Data were shown as mean ± SEM for each experiment performed independently 3 times. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with control (Student’s t test)

Article Snippet: Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and β-HB assay kits were from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Jiangsu, China).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Western Blot, Binding Assay, Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Staining

Journal: Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Ketogenic diet ameliorates lipid dysregulation in type 2 diabetic mice by downregulating hepatic pescadillo 1

doi: 10.1186/s10020-021-00429-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of Pes1 knockdown and overexpression on lipid metabolism in vitro. a , b Pes1 knockdown in cultured liver cells inhibited the protein levels of PES1, p300, SREBP1c, FASN and SCD1. c , d Displayed are the effects of Pes1 knockdown on the TG and TC levels in cultured liver cells and media. e , f Pes1 overexpression enhanced PES1-Flag, SREBP1c, p300, FASN and SCD1 protein levels in cultured liver cells, while β-HB treatment abolished the effects. g , h Exhibited are the effects of Pes1 overexpression on the TG and TC levels in cultured liver cells and media. Data were shown as mean ± SEM for each experiment performed independently 3 times. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with controls (Student’s t-test or ANOVA, Student–Newman–Keuls q test)

Article Snippet: Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and β-HB assay kits were from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Jiangsu, China).

Techniques: Over Expression, In Vitro, Cell Culture

Journal: Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Ketogenic diet ameliorates lipid dysregulation in type 2 diabetic mice by downregulating hepatic pescadillo 1

doi: 10.1186/s10020-021-00429-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: β-HB reduced PES1 binding to the p300 promoter and downregulated PES-1 mediated acetylation of SREBP1c. a β-HB decreased PES1 binding to the p300 promoter. b , c PES1 knockdown or overexpression inhibited or enhanced the interaction between p300 and SREBP1c in hepatocytes. d β-HB treatment decreased the acetylation of SREBP1c in hepatocytes. e Pes1 knockout impaired the interaction between p300 and SREBP1c in mice. f KD feeding decreased the acetylation of SREBP1c in normal and diabetic mice. Data were shown as mean ± SEM for each experiment performed independently 3 times. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with control (ANOVA, Student–Newman–Keuls q test)

Article Snippet: Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and β-HB assay kits were from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Jiangsu, China).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Over Expression, Knock-Out

Journal: Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Ketogenic diet ameliorates lipid dysregulation in type 2 diabetic mice by downregulating hepatic pescadillo 1

doi: 10.1186/s10020-021-00429-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: KD feeding and β-HB treatment decreased inflammation responses by downregulating PES1. a , b KD feeding in normal and diabetic mice suppressed the inflammation related proteins. c Relative mRNA levels of hepatic IL-1β and IL-18 were measured by qRT-PCR. d , e β-HB treatment in hepatocytes inhibited the inflammation proteins. f Relative mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in cultured hepatocytes were measured by qRT-PCR. g , h Pes1 knockdown in hepatocytes lowered the inflammation proteins. i Shown are the effects of Pes1 knockdown on the relative mRNA levels of cellular IL-1β and IL-18 . j , k Pes1 supplementation in hepatocytes enhanced the levels of inflammation proteins. l Exhibited are the effects of Pes1 supplementation on the relative mRNA levels of cellular IL-1β and IL-18 . m , n Pes1 -CKO in mice reduced inflammation proteins in murine livers. o Demonstrated are the effects of Pes1 knockout on the relative mRNA levels of hepatic IL-1β and IL-18 . Data were shown as mean ± SEM for each experiment performed independently 3 times. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with controls or # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 compared with controls (Student’s t-test or ANOVA, Student–Newman–Keuls q test)

Article Snippet: Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and β-HB assay kits were from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Jiangsu, China).

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Cell Culture, Knock-Out

Journal: Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Ketogenic diet ameliorates lipid dysregulation in type 2 diabetic mice by downregulating hepatic pescadillo 1

doi: 10.1186/s10020-021-00429-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: β-HB lowered PES1 binding to the Caspase1 promoter and Caspase1 knockdown in hepatocytes reduced the medium and cellular TG. a , b Caspase1 knockdown in liver cells suppressed the inflammation proteins. c Shown are the effects of Caspase1 knockdown on the relative mRNA levels of cellular IL-1β and IL-18 . d , e Caspase1 knockdown in liver cells reduced the medium and cellular TG. f β-HB decreased PES1 binding to the Caspase1 gene promoter. g Schematic diagram of the entire study. Data were shown as mean ± SEM for each experiment performed independently 3 times. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with control (Student’s t test)

Article Snippet: Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and β-HB assay kits were from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Jiangsu, China).

Techniques: Binding Assay